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Robert A. Pape
@ProfessorPape
“Two blockades, two clocks.”
That’s how Washington is framing the Iran war.
It’s wrong.

A century of evidence shows economic pressure alone almost never forces states to concede on core security issues.

Here’s what everyone is missing:
Thread image
Robert A. Pape
@ProfessorPape
The famous claim: sanctions work ~33% of the time.

Reality (after controlling for military force):
<5% success rate
Most “wins” weren’t sanctions at all—they were backed by coups, invasions, or bombing

Sanctions don’t coerce -- They disguise force
Robert A. Pape
@ProfessorPape
More pain ≠ more concession

--Cuba: 60+ years, no regime change.
--Iraq: ~50% GDP collapse in the 1990s—no surrender.
--Russia (2022–): massive sanctions, no strategic reversal.
Why?
Because scarcity strengthens regime's control over what's left
Robert A. Pape
@ProfessorPape
Sanctions don’t end conflicts.
They transform them.

The Pattern:
Economic pressure -> No results -> Political frustration -> Military escalation

Sanctions aren’t the alternative to war
They’re often the on-ramp to it
Robert A. Pape
@ProfessorPape
Iran today = zero-sum stakes.

Regime survival vs. U.S. credibility

That means:
-- No quick “blink”
-- No short clock (for either)
-- Months of disruption, escalation risk rising

If you want to understand what happens next—and what everyone is getting wrong go to substack Escalation Trap
Live briefing Sunday 5pm ET
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