N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was shown to reverse brain damage from...

The aluminum was administered as aluminum chloride, and it was done so orally.
This is important because roughly only 0.5% of oral aluminum chloride is absorbed, so the real effective doses the animals received were far less than than the 100 mg / kg.
This is still a high dose, but aluminum is known to accumulate in tissues.
The morris water test trains rats to find a hidden platform in pool.
The latencies (times) is how long it takes to find it on a given day.
Less time = better memory.
As you can see, the high dose NAC almost completely reversed the memory impairment from aluminum.
This is likely the key reason why aluminum is so terrible for the brain and why NAC is so protective.
NAC decreased:
◇ TBARS (lipid damage)
◇ Nitrite (nitric oxide estimate, elevated in brain inflammation)
while increasing:
◇ Reduced glutathione (active antioxidant)
◇ Catalase + SOD (key antioxidant enzymes)
Aluminum is a known neurotoxin. The only debate is around how much it contributes to the average person's Alzheimer's.
The most recent review looking at exposure of aluminum showed that about half of studies showed an association between higher aluminum and dementia risk, while the other half showed no association.
How does it exert its toxic effects in the brain? Countless ways, a few key ones being:
◇ Promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through interactions with iron - this is the main reason why NAC helps, because it restores glutathione levels needed to protect us from ROS
◇ Disrupt / inhibit mitochondrial energy production
◇ Depletes neurotransmitters
◇ Disrupts / inhibits intracellular signaling cascades
◇ Induces excitotoxicity (calcium overload) in neurons
◇ Increases blood brain barrier permeability
◇ Induces nitric oxide synthesis
◇ Activates microglia (inflammatory cells in brain)
I could go on, but I think you get the point.
Doses are typically 600-1200 mg for general antioxidant support.
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